A Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen - 1784 Words

A good book is a book that touches a reader’s heart by either being relatable or with great character development. Cheris Karmarae, a woman’s rights activist, stated, â€Å"Feminism is the radical notion that women are human beings.† This statement is relevant to A Doll’s House and is relatable to the female audience. Not only does A Doll’s House incorporate relevant matters, it includes great character development in the protagonist, Nora. Her display of bravery moved many readers. Unlike A Doll’s House, Frankenstein, which is quite fictitious, may appear to not be relatable. From the summer readings assigned for Sophomore World Literature, A Doll’s House, a play written by Henrik Ibsen captures the reader’s heart while the novel, Frankenstein, by Mary Shelley was unappealing and uninteresting. Ibsen sets his play, A Doll’s House, in an era that captures the female audience as he shows the hardships of women that are rel atable and brilliantly uses those obstacles for character development while Frankenstein loses interest as it is lengthy due to its tone and revels on details that are not relevant to the plot. A Doll’s House is set in the late 1800’s when women’s rights and roles in society was a controversial topic. Ibsen displays Nora as an ordinary mother and wife going through every day life but incorporates obstacles relevant to the time to show how they affect women. Women were often stay home mothers who catered to their children’s and husband’s needs. HELMER. FirstShow MoreRelatedHenrik Ibsen s A Doll House1563 Words   |  7 Pages In the play, A Doll House by Henrik Ibsen, the title itself symbolizes the dependent and degraded role of the wife within traditional marriages. Ibsen portrayed the generous nature root into women by society, as well as the significant action of this nature, and lastly the need for them to find their own voice in a world ruled by men. Ibsen wrote this play in 1879, this is the era where women were obedient to men, tend the children until their husband came home, and stood by the Cult of DomesticityRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen1717 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"A Doll, a Partner, and a Change† Social movement of women liberation toward equal rights and independence has been a big subject in human history. It happens not only in Europe but also all over the world. Though making progress, this movement has been advancing slowly and encountered backslashes from time to time. Maybe there is something deeply hidden which the society has not figured out yet, even women themselves. What do women want, freedom or good life? Most of the time, they are notRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen1291 Words   |  6 Pages A Doll s House by Henrik Ibsen, is a play that has been written to withstand all time. In this play Ibsen highlights the importance of women’s rights. During the time period of the play these rights were neglected. Ibsen depicts the role of the woman was to stay at home, raise the children and attend to her husband during the 19th century. Nora is the woman in A Doll House who plays is portrayed as a victim. Michael Meyers said of Henrik Ibsen s plays: The common denominator in many of IbsenRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen1288 Words   |  6 Pages Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House is based in the Victorian society of the 19th century. It assesses the many struggles and hardships that women faced because of marriage â€Å"laws† that were crucial during that time period. The society was male- dominated with no equality. Nora is the protagonist in A Doll’s House and the wife of a man named Torvald. This play is about Nora’s voyage to recognizing her self- determination and independence. She transforms from a traditional, reserved woman to a new, independentRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen1298 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"There is beauty in truth, even if it s painful. Those who lie, twist life so that it looks tasty to the lazy, brilliant to the ignorant, and powerful to the weak. But lies only strengthen our defects. They don t teach anything, help anything, fix anything or cure anything. Nor do they develop one s character, one s mind, one s heart or one s soul.† (Josà © N. Harris). Nora Helmer’s choice to lie and deceive is inappropriate and wrong for women to do to her husband during this time period; itRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen1037 Words   |  5 PagesHenrik Ibsen s A Doll s House is a work of literature genius. This three-act play involves many literary technics that are undermined by the average reader such as the fact that the plot shows the main characters Torvald and his wife Nora live the perfect life. An ironic paradox based around the fact that Nora and Torvald’s relationship is the complete opposite of perfect. Also, bringing upon a conflict as well, appearance versus reality. These little hidden meanings within stories are what areRead MoreHenrik Ibsen s A Doll House Essay1501 Words   |  7 PagesHenrik Ibsen’s play â€Å"A Doll House† was set in the Victorian era, a time where women were highly respected. Women in this time period did not work, they had nannies to take care of their children and maids to take care of their homes. Many women had no real responsibilities, they spent their time having tea parties and socializing with their friends. Henrik Ibsen dared to show the realism of the Victorian era while everyone else would only focus on the romantic aspect. In the play, â€Å"A Doll House†Read MoreA Doll s House : Henrik Ibsen962 Words   |  4 PagesDrama Analysis A Doll’s House (Henrik Ibsen) And Trifles (Susan Glaspell) In comparing both dramas, the overwhelming aspect of convergence between both is the open discussion of gender identity. Both dramas make similar points about what it means to be a woman. Modern society in both dramas is constructed with men holding power over women. This is seen in Trifles in how men like George Henderson and Mr. Hale are myopic. The premise of the drama is how women worry over trifles, and the dismissiveRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen1421 Words   |  6 PagesIn A Doll’s House, Henrik Ibsen examines conventional roles of men and women in the nineteenth century. In the play, Nora exemplifies the conventional feminine standard during that period. She seems to be powerless and confines herself through high standard expectations, demonstrating what the role of a women would be as a wife and mother. The protagonist of A Doll’s House is a woman named Nora Helmer. Ibsen shows how Nora’s design of perfect life gradually transforms when her sec ret unravels. InRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen876 Words   |  4 PagesA Doll’s House by Henrik Ibsen A Doll’s House takes place in the home of Torvald and Nora Helmer. Through conversation with Nora’s good friend Kristine Linde it is revealed that Mr. Helmer was ill around the same time Nora’s father died. Luckily Nora’s father left her enough money that Torvald and Nora could go on a life saving trip to Italy. But the truth comes out when we find out Nora’s father did not leave her a penny. We find out that Nora got a hold of the money through a loan but she signed

Happiness Is Not Free State Of Mind - 814 Words

First, as I begin, I will briefly explain what happiness is. Happiness: For some, it is simply being able to live freely and do whatever they want, without having any restrictions that may prevent them from doing so, whether it be money or other restraints. For others, happiness is also merely an elusive, worry-free state of mind. On the other hand, for different individuals, the meaning of happiness varies. For instance, for an individual who has been starving for days, receiving a piece of food is happiness. By answering this â€Å"question at issue,† Nosich explains that one will be able to accurately â€Å"explore their thinking and also the thinking of others† (52). Therefore, although it is likely for individuals to define happiness differently, I am certain that materialistic possessions will definitely not lead one to their definition of happiness. Along the quest to obtaining material possessions, individuals can occasionally fail to understand that money cannot provide one with everlasting happiness since they may never obtain what they view as an acceptable amount of money. To validate my claim, I will be using various well-known individuals from different walks-of-life that have admitted that material possessions alone, such as money itself, cannot supply anybody with a consistent source of happiness. The hip-hop artist and three times Grammy winner from St. John s University, Jermaine Cole, convincingly claims that, â€Å"The things you place your importance on can neverShow MoreRelatedEssay on What is Happiness?751 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is happiness? People have agonized over this question for centuries. Let me start this essay by answering a somewhat easier question: what isn’t happiness? Happiness is NOT feeling good all the time. Happiness is a combination of human emotions and states of mind. Exploring t his state of being has consumed the philosophical minds of the ages and will continue to do so for ages to come. In an unofficial poll of students at State University, I found that of the fifty-eight students andRead MoreIs Happiness the Purpose of Life?1317 Words   |  5 Pageswant happiness.† So, what’s the purpose of life? Is it to be happy? Everyone has that desire, to have happiness. We even base our decision we by how it will affect our happiness. In our life we experience happiness and unhappiness, but we are oblivious as to what happiness is. What comes to mind when thinking of happiness? Is it pleasure, the thought of the good life, prosperity, or is it something else? We won’t be able to have a response to that question until we have a notion of happiness. WhenRead MoreHappiness, Friendship, Family, Friends And Hobbies922 Words   |  4 PagesSince the days of Aristotle, happiness was thought to have at least two aspects: hedonia (pleasure) and eudaimonia (a life well lived). In contemporary psychology, happiness is referred to as simply pleasure and meani ng. Positive psychologists, such as Dr. Martin Seligman, have recently added one more distinct component to the definition of happiness: engagement. As referred to in Seligman’s book, Authentic Happiness, engagement refers to living a â€Å"good life† of work, family, friends and hobbiesRead MoreEssay on The Dalai Lama: A Path to Greater Happiness1601 Words   |  7 Pagesand has struggles to free his homeland from the Chinese occupation he has consistently opposed the use of violence. â€Å"He has instead advocated peaceful solutions based upon tolerance and mutual respect in order to preserve the historical and cultural heritage of his people.† (The Dalai Lama A Simple Path and An Open Heart pp. 800).Dalai Lama, since then, began teaching about the Four Noble Truths, in order to demonstrate that they offer an insightful path to greater happiness for individuals, andRead MorePersonal Identity Essay1023 Words   |  5 Pagesthing that the founding fathers co unted on is to have the will to speak freely and to have the will of religion in the constitution it say that every citizen should have life liberty and the pursuit of happiness. This impacts and brings everyone from different places to help create a society that is free. The founding fathers also counted for the people to speak for what is right. The reason is because this helps out on what the people want instead of the government wants this goes to show that the peopleRead MoreBrave New World and Individual Freedom785 Words   |  4 PagesThe Motto of the World State is Community, Identity, Stability. With detailed reference to the novel, how do you  view this  in relation to individual freedom? â€Å"Community, Identity, Stability.† -- The motto that shapes and defines the entire civilized world. Civilians like Lenina believe that the motto has given them their individual freedom. â€Å"I am free. Free to have the most wonderful time. Everybodys happy nowadays.† (Page 79) Ironically, Huxley was trying to convey the exact opposite messageRead MoreThe Emancipation On The Mind, Soul, And Spirit1380 Words   |  6 PagesShackles on the mind, soul, and spirit kept a race of people in slavery during a dark time in American history. Narrative of Sojourner Truth, a Northern Slave, Emancipated from Bodily Servitude by the State of New York, in 1828 follows her life as a slave, known as Isabell, growing up and experiencing many different masters. Sojourner Truth’s meaning of freedom was largely shaped by her religious and family beliefs as well as her experiences as a chattel. Freedom is not just a release from the bondageRead MoreBrave New World By Aldous Hux ley983 Words   |  4 Pagesis portrayed in Brave New World by Aldous Huxley. The focus of the World State is on society as a whole rather than on individuals. Some characters from the novel have a harder time accepting the conditioning. Through these characters, we learn the true cost of a government-dominated society. In Brave New World, Huxley conveys that a totalitarian government will provide happiness and peace by abolishing individuality and free thinking. In a Brave New World, the government creates a society thatRead MoreFathers Of A Free Nation : Franklin And Jefferson969 Words   |  4 PagesFathers of a Free Nation: Franklin and Jefferson American citizens have much to be thankful for; we live in a free country where we have the opportunity to follow our dreams and inspirations. We didn’t just wake up one day and realize we were living in the land of the free and it didn’t happen overnight. Our founding fathers are to thank for our lives of liberty, they fought tirelessly and succeeded. Two of the men that earned that glorious title are Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin a.k.a.Read MoreFree Speech Or Freedom Of Speech Essay911 Words   |  4 Pageswe are entitled for legal freedom to do whatever we wanted to. However, the freedom of speech has been challenged by many university students and educators recently. In their argument, they believe that free speech has triggered students’ unhappiness and jeopardize campus’ safety. What is the free speech or freedom of speech? According to dictionary, freedom of speech is the right of people to express their opinions publicly without governme ntal interference, subject to the laws against libel, incitement

Rights and Responsibilities Free Essays

When I think of America, I think of freedom and citizenship. The right to vote, or the right to freely speak are things that we, as citizens, posses. We as citizens have rights, and then we have responsibilites. We will write a custom essay sample on Rights and Responsibilities or any similar topic only for you Order Now Citizens are expected to know and understand the rules that the government has presented to us, and abide by these rules for our freedom. In 1791, the Constitution of the United States was amended and we were given the ten amendments, which is also known as the Bill of Rights, to protect our freedoms. The Bill of Rights is a list of the rights citizens have and value. The purpose of the bill is to protext against any infringement from the government, so the citizens can live in a free nation and have control over their communities and lives. As citizens we should know what the government is doing and to voice your opinion when we feel strongly about something the government has done or has failed to do. Being informed also means knowing your rights and exercising them when you feel it is necessary. Voting is one of your most important responsibilities as a citizen. By doing so you exercise your right of self-government. When you vote you are choosing the people that are going to run our government. Taking the responsibility to vote ensures that leadership is changed in an orderly manner. Another responsibility we as Americans have is to participate in the community and govrnment, if we had no one to run our country it would be pretty caotic, and if no one would ever speak out, no problems in the community would get solved. If we have people involved in the community its more likely to be well run. To enjoy your rights to the fullest, you must be prepared to respect other people’s rights as well. For example, as a hairdresser, you are taught to only ask certain questions so that way you don’t offend anyone. Of if you live in an area with a lot of neighbors, be respectful and keep the volume on your television down, or on your stereo. You should expect they would do the same for you. Also you have the responsibility to show respect to the public, and the publics property. For example, a lot of kids write on the picnic tables at the beach, and that is vandalism, they have yet to be caught so they haven’t learned but thats disrespectful to the other people that come to sit there and eat. Especially when they write or draw innapropriate things. How to cite Rights and Responsibilities, Essay examples

A Comparison of Two Love Poems, First Love by John Clare and Shall I compare thee by William Shakespeare Essay Example For Students

A Comparison of Two Love Poems, First Love by John Clare and Shall I compare thee by William Shakespeare Essay First Love by John Clare and Shall I compare thee? by William Shakespeare are two romantic love poems, the first about how it feels to be in love and the second about the durability of the poets loves beauty. The first poem, First love, is a love lyric written in the first person to the reader about a woman that the poet has fallen head long in love with. It has a rhyming pattern of ABAB CDCD, this is to keep the poem flowing and it adds to the romantic atmosphere. The second poem Shall I compare thee? by William Shakespeare was written in the 16th century this poem is a sonnet one of a cycle to his mysterious lover. It contains three quatrains rhyming ABAB CDCD EFEF and one couplet rhyming GG, all written in iambic pentameter. This makes the poem very steady, easy flowing and even. There are ten syllables per line. The kind of love that is addressed in this poem is fairly romantic; we can tell this from the title. The first poem that I will write about is called First love is a romantic love poem written by John Clare in the nineteenth century. This poem deals with a poet that has been struck down with love for the first time, we can tell this from the first line, I neer was struck before that hour, with love so sudden and sweet. This implies he is experiencing love for the first time; he also uses sibilance for emphasis so sudden and so sweet. In the third line the poet begins to describe the woman that has struck him down so hopelessly in love and stolen his heart by using some traditional similes, Her face bloomed like a sweet flower. My face turned pale, as deadly pale, in this line the repetition of pale suggest the confusion of the poet in this love trance that he has fallen into. Even though love is affecting him mentally, it also starts to affect him physically, we can see in line six, my legs refused to walk away. This gives the reader this idea of the love causing death symptoms, striking him in such a way that he cant do anything about it. My life and all seemed turned to clay. this example of reification suggests a corpse entering the soil. In verse two there is still a romantic atmosphere, we can see that there are more physical affects the poet is experiencing, And then blood rushed to my face. This suggests that the poet is starting to blush; this again is a physical reaction to love. The poet also gives brief description of the surroundings, The trees and bushes round place, This adds to the romantic atmosphere. Half way through the second verse it is made clear by the poet that he is beginning to lose all sense of time, Seemed midnight at noonday. This demonstrates that the poet is has lost all awareness of everything but this woman he is so madly in love with, I could not see a single thing. In the next three lines the poet describes his word towards the young woman as from my heart and he uses a simile to compare his words to the music of love. He also makes it clear that it is very passionate and heated in the last line of that verse, blood burnt around my heart. In verse three the poet starts the verse with, Are flowers the winters choice? Is loves bed always snow? These are rhetorical questions that are in other words saying, why is love so physically cruel? As we can see the atmosphere is less romantic and starts to get far more depressing. He also realises that as hard as he tries, he will not get her. She seemed to hear my silent voice and loves appeal to know, this suggests that words are not needed because due to social reasons it would be impossible for them to fall in love with each other. .ua771c791f1f30d8220bed14048fc485c , .ua771c791f1f30d8220bed14048fc485c .postImageUrl , .ua771c791f1f30d8220bed14048fc485c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua771c791f1f30d8220bed14048fc485c , .ua771c791f1f30d8220bed14048fc485c:hover , .ua771c791f1f30d8220bed14048fc485c:visited , .ua771c791f1f30d8220bed14048fc485c:active { border:0!important; } .ua771c791f1f30d8220bed14048fc485c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua771c791f1f30d8220bed14048fc485c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua771c791f1f30d8220bed14048fc485c:active , .ua771c791f1f30d8220bed14048fc485c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua771c791f1f30d8220bed14048fc485c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua771c791f1f30d8220bed14048fc485c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua771c791f1f30d8220bed14048fc485c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua771c791f1f30d8220bed14048fc485c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua771c791f1f30d8220bed14048fc485c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua771c791f1f30d8220bed14048fc485c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua771c791f1f30d8220bed14048fc485c .ua771c791f1f30d8220bed14048fc485c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua771c791f1f30d8220bed14048fc485c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Admiration towards forbidden love EssayMy heart has left its dwelling place and can return no more, he is saying that his heart left him for her and this use of personification giving his heart human qualities. The second poem I studied is called, Shall I compare thee by Shakespeare. The first line, Shall I compare thee to a summers day? implies that he is talking about his lover in a romantic manner, because summer is usually associated with and lovely weather and generally a better time of the year. We can also see that the first line is a rhetorical question. This would also make the reader question himself. In the second line Shakespeare actually starts to describe the woman, Thou are more lovely and more temperate. This portrays to us that the author thinks of the woman as more beautiful than a summers day. The following lines, Rough winds do shake the darling buds of maie and summers lease hath all to short to date indicates to the reader that even though summer has its beauty there are some bad points to summer. For example, summer has wind, summer is too hot and summer is too short. This is all to make the woman seem greater than summer. Sommer shall not fade, here Shakespeare uses a metaphor to imply that her beauty will never fade, unlike summer which is seasonal. Nor shall death brag though wandrst in his shade, the poet expresses here, that she is so amazingly beautiful that not even death would be able to conquer her. He also gives death human characteristics saying that it would, Brag which shows use of personification. As we approach the end of the poem, Shakespeare ends it by, saying, So long as men breathe or eyes can see, so long lives this gives life 2 thee. This tells the reader that as long men are here to witness her, it will give life to her beauty as her beauty is nurtured by the glances of men. In conclusion there are many differences and similarities betweens the two poems that I had studied. They were quite similar in many ways. For example in both the poems the love that is expressed I feel has a hint of an unrequited nature especially in John Clares First Love. Also both poems refer back to nature and both used rhetorical questions, which added affect to their poems. They also differ in many ways with Shakespeare in his poem seeming to appear less desperate, almost as if he had found his true love whereas Clare in his poem seemed desperately in love with a woman that could not return that love. Also the English that is used in Shakespeares poem is far more different to that of Clares poem, maybe because Shakespeares was written in the 1500s, whereas Clares poem was written during the nineteenth century.

What is Right an Example of the Topic Government and Law Essays by

What is Right? It is the duty of every citizen to do the right thing at all times irrespective of what the circumstances are. In fact, there should be the natural desire in every citizen to do that which is right and refrain from doing the wrong thing. But the question that has always haunted us is how do one know what is right from what is wrong? How can one differentiate right actions from wrong actions? How do we measure our actions and decide which one is right from which one is wrong. Suppose I want to do what is right, how do I know what is right? This and many questions is what the branch of philosophy attempts to give answers to. This branch of philosophy is known as Ethics. Need essay sample on "What is Right?" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Ethics can then be said to be the branch of philosophy that critically examines our actions and inactions that are considered moral. It is a branch of philosophy that seeks to answer the questions that pertain to morality and man. It attempts to separate right from wrong, good from bad and what is moral form what is immoral. This it attempts to do by coming up with various theories propounded by different philosophers or schools or thought. These theories have a single aim which is to give criteria to ascertain right action from wrong actions. Such theories say that when the moral agent is faced with a moral decision, he or she should consider the options before him and then use some specified rules to judge his doing that action. The moral agent at such time should ask himself / herself if that action he/she is about to do pass the specified standards. These theories include Egoism, Utilitarianism, Altruism, Deontological ethical theory top mention a few from them. For the purpose o f this essay, I will be considering three different ethical theories and how it can be applied. Some people believe that man naturally should consider those that will be affected by our actions. They believe that in acting, the moral agent should weigh the effect of his action and that the right thing to do is to choose the one that will positively affect those around him. These people belong to the utilitarian school of thought. What then is Utilitarianism? Utilitarianism is the ethical view that says that in acting, the moral agent should always choose the action whose consequence produces the greatest amount of good to the greatest number of people. It is an ethical theory that believes in that the greater the pleasure derived from an action by the greater number or persons, the more the action is right. Furthermore, utilitarianism also preaches that the moral worth is conferred on an action only when they produce pleasure over pain, happiness over sadness. The theory is associated with the British philosopher, John Stuart Mill. It is a theory that believes in aggregate happ iness. There are different versions of Utilitarianism. Among others, we have hedonistic utilitarianism, preferential utilitarianism, act utilitarianism, rule utilitarianism, and so on. The idea of utilitarianism has its origin in the Greek philosopher called Epicurus but was popularized by Jeremy Bentham who believes that the only values that are fundamental in this world are pain and pleasure. For him, these are the only two values that govern the activities of mankind. Another ethical theory that is significant is the Kantian ethics. This is based on the ideas of the famous philosopher, Immanuel Kant. For him, an action should not be considered right because of its consequence. Kant is of the opinion that every action is inherently right or wrong. For Kant, an action should not appeal to pity or sentiments. A morally right action, thus, is one that is done out of a sense of duty with the right motive. The moral agent should not choose an action because there is reward. Morality is a duty for any citizen, therefore, if one does the right thing, he/she should net seek to be rewarded because that was what he was meant to do in the first place. Furthermore, Kantian ethics holds that in acting, one must wish that the maxim of ones action be universalized. In other words, in acting you must do to others what you will wish others do to you. Those that belong to this school of thought hold that one should treat ones neighbor as an end in himself/herself and never as a means to an end. This is because each person should have the respect for humanity in them. When you treat man as a means to an end, you are violating humanity. Therefore, a moral agent holds it as his duty not to purposefully withhold the respect and dignity of his fellow man. A mans has the duty to protect his fellow man right without questions and without seeking reward. Summarily, when a moral agent is faced with a choice between two alternative actions, he/she should ask himself/herself what is my duty? What is it that I ought to do and should make sure that his motives are right. Then will the action be considered to be a moral action. The final ethical theory I will be considering is the ethical idea of the German philosopher, Friedrich Nietzsche. According to him, there are two different types of morality, which is the master morality and the slave morality. The first type of morality only comes from what he called the 'noble man'. On the other hand, the slave morality is one that is being displayed reactively inside the weak man. In the case of master morality, actions are categorized into good or bad while in slave morality, actions are weighed and categorized into good or evil. According to him, all ethical statements are false, because any kind of connection between ethical statements and "moral facts" is deceptive. The major difference that exists between his idea of master morality and slave morality lies in the fact that Master morality is a positive approach where the idea of "good" and "bad" are the same to "noble" and "despicable" correspondingly. Also, the master morality creates value. On the other ha nd, the Slave morality is a negative approach used by the weak or powerless. The virtues are pity, benevolence, and meekness. The above ethical theories are brought as answers to the ethical question as to what are we to do when we are in given situations. They are meant to be applied by the moral agent in our daily actions. The moral agent is to examine his actions by the various standards that is being held by these ethical theories. The question we are to ask here then is what will be the reaction of these ethical theories in our given situation? To begin with, looking critically at it from the perspective of a utilitarian, to save the womans life is the right thing to do or it might be otherwise. Let us consider reasons for this claim. Since utilitarianism preaches the greatest amount of pleasure for the greatest amount of people, looking at the situation we have, the number of personalities to consider is eight, namely the five children of the woman, the woman, you and the government that is if we see the government as a single person. Given this, we might come to the conclusion that excluding the government, we are sure that the seven other personalities will derive the greatest amount of pleasure by you choosing to evade tax and saving the womans life. If this then be the case, you should go on and be the utilitarian by evading the tax and saving the womans life. On the other hand, if we are to look at the situation from the perspective that the government does not stand alone, income tax is meant to go back to fund services that will be enjoyed by the people of the state. If we are to look at it from this perspective, then we will be measuring the pleasure of seven persons against that of millions of people who will be deprived from enjoying the services that the income tax will provide. Thus, in this case, saving the womans life will not be the right course of action as it does not promote the greatest amount of pleasure for the greatest amount of people. However, as a person that belongs to the Kantian school of thought, one may also be confronted by two views. Firstly, as a doctor, you have the duty to save the womans life. Then looking at it critically, that is what you ought to do. That is one sense of looking at it. You are respecting and upholding the respect for the individual person. On the other hand, when we look at it again form the perspective of Kantian idea of duty, the same duty that you have as a doctor to save the womans life is the same duty that should make you pay your income tax. It is what you ought to do. You should not be told before you know that it is your obligation to pay your income tax to the government. Here we are faced with a dilemma. Which one are you to choose. Perhaps one of the criticisms brought by scholars against the Kantian rule is right. For them, Kant did not consider emotional attributes of man. There are certain situations that are complex. What are we to do when we are faced with such situ ations? Finally, considering Friedrich Nietzsches ethical idea of master slavery, given this situation, he will not approve of the action to save the woman. This is because only slave morality appeals to meekness and compassion. Friedrich will maintain that master morality should values that are unshakable, regardless of situations or circumstances. It is only the weak that will neglect his values and be drawn be compassion and pity. The doctor for instance was drawn by pity to save the womans life. Nietzsche has been regarded as a moral skeptic. He believes that man is egoistic and altruistic nature is not in the realm of reality. Reference: Kraft, Joseph. (2006, November 29). Mill's Rule Utilitarianism Part 3 in the Series on Ethical Theories. EzineArticles. Retrieved March 15, 2008, from http://ezinearticles.com/?Mills-Rule-Utilitarianism-Part-3-in-the-Series-on-Ethical-Theories&id=372318 Spring, Michael Huemer. (1993). A Critique of the Kantian Ethics.

10 Facts on Data Mining for a Research Project

10 Facts on Data Mining for a Research Project Data mining is the study of analyzing large amount of data and developing a pattern which can be used for several suitable purposes. If you want to write a research project on this topic, then there is a lot of potential, and we are going to help you kick-start your brainstorming process. There are various terminologies and studies synonymous to the process of data mining. One feature which is common is that it’s an application based system, meaning the results are compared with the desired output and if it’s not up to the mark, the process is then repeated again. Data mining has significantly improved in the past four years as processors have been improved. Revolutionizing the marketing industry, top analysts have been using this technique to reach their ultimate customers online and offline. Here are 10 facts on data mining which you can use for your research project: Before data mining can begin, proper data representation needs to be decided which can make data analysis possible. In data mining, there is a problem of complex data such as sequences and images which requires the establishment of a set of attributes which can then be used in multivariate vectors. Once that’s established, we refine the statistics through kernel matrices, vector kernels and basic kernel operations for data analysis. Various statistical methods can be used to analyze numeric attributes during data mining. Central location, dispersion and linear dependence is measured all while keeping the probabilistic, geometric and algebraic representation of data matrix in mind. There are various ways of analyzing numeric attributes. The Univariate Analysis focuses on one, the Bivariate Analysis focuses on two and the Multivariate Analysis focuses on all numeric attributes simultaneously. Furthermore, if the attributes are two or more and the values are drastically different, then there is the process of Data Normalization. When the process of data mining is being performed, the data being processed is extremely high dimensional. This is due to the overwhelming amount of attributes, which are in the number of thousands. This is where the analysis enters the domain of high dimensional space or hyperspace, as the factors comprising the analysis stop behaving like normal geometry. Mathematically speaking, high dimensional volume is calculated through the analysis of high dimensional objects. This is where data mining becomes complex because calculations need hypercube, the volume of thin hypersphere shell, diagonals inside hyperspace and the density of multivariate normal. Some of the characteristics of the data inside hyperspace are counterintuitive. The center of space in high dimensions is free of exact points, also there is an accelerated establishment of orthogonal axes. This leads to the problem of unstable data mining of high-dimensional data. That’s why it becomes important to reduce the dimensionality while making sure that the data inside the matrices remain intact. This can be achieved through the processes of principal component analysis, kernel principal component analysis and singular value decomposition. Frequent pattern mining is one of the most important analysis in data mining. This method is used to improve browsing experience and is being implemented by Google and various ecommerce sites. Large variables from weblogs are inserted in custom designed algorithms to know which pages are visited more frequently. This helps web designers and search engines to optimize their systems to get more organic clicks. It also helps online shops know which products sell, making sure they are prioritized in searches. Data mining is the analysis of data of all types, but this creates an efficiency problem because every data has its own identification, decoding technique and other characteristics. This problem is solved through the process of cluster analysis. Clustering divides similar information into groups. The similarity can be general or operation specific; this means that to efficiently process all data to get the desired results, there can be hundreds of clustering algorithms in a single data mining system. Clustering can be based on representation, hierarchy or density. Classification in data mining is the process of estimating a class label if a point is unlabeled. In this case, probabilistic classification is performed, such as the Bayes Classifier which incorporates the Bayes Theorem to effectively predict the class. Its objective is to predict the joint probable function of a particular class. The class itself is designed through the multivariate normal distribution. Another method called the Naive Bayes Classifier process; which takes the attributes as independent, is also very reliable for several applications. Another probabilistic method to predict an unlabeled point is called the decision tree classifier. It’s a method to design a tree model based on observations about a particular variable to understand its target value. Here, the targeted variable in a tree model can take a finite set of values. In a tree structure, the leaves represent class labels and the branches represent coinciding instances that lead up to class labels. If the targeted variable is taking real numbers, continuous values, then it’s called a regression tree. Support vector machines, also known as SVMs, are yet another classification process which is primarily based upon maximum margin linear discriminants. The purpose of these machines is to ascertain the most efficient and perfect hyperplane can maximize the space between the classes. Another method to perform this function is to utilize the kernel to find the most efficient nonlinear decision boundary in between the classes, which is in correspondence with a few high-dimensional nonlinear spaces. In order to optimize a search engine and perform efficient data mining, automatic summarization algorithms are put in place. These algorithms are able to summarize large amounts of texts by keeping the length, syntax and writing style in consideration. This makes it possible to analyze large texts as these texts can now be represented by a small subset of data which has enough details. This brings us to the end of an informative fact guide about data mining. Data mining makes it possible for machines to analyze large quantities of data to understand a user pattern. If this wasn’t enough for you to grasp onto a topic, then read our next piece which is 20 data mining project topics for you to research and don’t forget to check our complete guide on this academic genre and the subject. Overall, if you are looking for a professional research project writing service to get help with your Data mining research paper you should visit our company. References: Aggarwal, C. C. (2015). Data Mining: The textbook. Cham: Springer. Deshpande, V. K. (2015). Predictive Analytics and Data Mining: Concepts and Practice with Rapidminer. Morgan Kaufmann. Han, J., Kamber, M., Pei, J. (2011). Data mining: Concepts and techniques concepts and techniques. San Francisco: Morgan Kaufmann In. Linoff, G., Berry, M. J. (2011). Data Mining Techniques: For Marketing; Sales; and Customer Relationship Management; Third Edition. John Wiley Sons Incorporated. Nisbet, R., Elder, J. F., Miner, G. (2009). Handbook of statistical analysis and data mining applications. Amsterdam: Academic Press/Elsevier. Provost, F. (2013). Data Science for Business: What You Need to Know about Data Mining and Data-Analytic Thinking. Russell, M. A. (2013). Mining the Social Web: Data Mining from Facebook, Twitter, and LinkedIn, Google , GitHub, and More (2nd Edition). OReilly Media.

Traumatic Brain Injury Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Traumatic Brain Injury - Essay Example The patient may also suffer from cognitive problems where the memory and emotional response are affected. The patient may experience an outburst of emotions that range from lack of interest to overreacting. Diminished impulse control leads enhanced interpersonal problems where coping skills fail to function and may result in depression (Gainer, 2004, p. 43). Traumatic brain injuries require a substantial amount of time in order to recover from it. During this period, the family and society in general are tasked with coping, managing and enduring the stress involved with caring of the affected patient. The society has to bear the behavioral changes associated with the brain injury. Axonal shearing injury occurs due to sudden movement of the brain, which results in tearing of brain tissue. This may cause bruising and swelling, which may add more pressure to the brain itself. It is therefore, necessary to ensure great care when handling the patient so as not to cause any more harm or damage (The patient Education Institute, 2009, p. 3). This is achieved by ensuring that the patient is in a safe environment with minimal agitation. Individuals handling the patient should also ensure that the patient is kept at zero rated stress levels with the assurance that all will be well. In conclusion, traumatic brain injuries are potentially fatal if not diagnosed, managed, and treated in time. It is also critical to ensure that injuries to the torso are not incurred by observing all safety measures. Gainer, R., (2004). Psychritric Issues in Traumatic Brain Injury. Retrieved 15 August 2012 from

Case analysis Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Case analysis - Coursework Example 2 According to Thomas Hobbes, you should not destroy the revised will. This is because for Hobbes, morally right actions are the actions that are consistent with the law of nature. According to Hobbes, the law of nature is discoverable by reason, and all of us are able to discover it if we reason well. For Hobbes, the law of nature guides all of us and it is the law that enables us to know the morally good and the morally bad actions. In the case under consideration, you should not destroy the revised will because doing so is against the law of nature. This is because one of the precepts of the law of nature is to be honest and to tell the truth. 3 According to Kant, you should not destroy the revised will. This is because for Kant, in is categorical imperative, Kant says that in making moral decisions, we should always choose actions that we would wish to be made into universal laws; in other words, Kant states that in making moral decisions, we should choose actions that we would wish anybody in the same situation, and under the same circumstances, to make (Kant, 18). For this reason, since one would not wish his or her own will to be destroyed when we die, one should destroy another person’s will. Destroying the revised will for Kant, therefore, is morally wrong. 4 Of the above three philosophers, Kant is the philosopher who provides the best, and the most convincing account of what one should do in this case. This is because Kant gives a clear formula of making a moral judgement, i.e. in making moral decisions, act in a manner that you would wish all people in the same situation to act. Plato’s and Hobbes’ account of how one should act in this case are a bit unclear and unconvincing. This is because for Plato, it is not easy to determine an action that is virtuous and that promotes eudaimonia; For Hobbes, also, it is not easy to

China and United States Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

China and United States - Essay Example In China, roadways are often congested due to limited highway systems inter-linking rural and urban areas. In the United States, most everyone in the country has access to a vehicle as well as the roadways necessary to carry large amounts of traffic efficiently. This creates the opportunity for better costs for businesses in relation to shipment and delivery (logistics) because products can actually be moved from region to region in the United States without delays. In addition, the United States’ close proximity to other industrialized nations gives the United States competitive advantage by being able to have raw products delivered more cheaply than through expensive, overseas transportation networks. opportunities outside of their geographic household. It is a regular occurrence in the United States, today, for workers to commute long distances in order to seek better paying careers, therefore this is another advantage over China in terms of choice where industries can choose top talent from all over the country. In this way that business or organization is getting the best-skilled people and bringing advantages to the business in the process. The end result is a more efficient business which provides more efficient products and services to the local community, leading to a more sustainable national economy. Technology is superior for the United States in just one way: The amount of people who currently have access to the Internet and have the funds to buy consumer goods. In the United States, there are many more people with access to online shopping and other commercial activities, giving economies a better opportunity to increase profit success. This gives companies in the United States the opportunity to appeal to a wider group of customers through Internet technology, email, and other online offers. This strengthens the foundations of Capitalism in the United States and creates a stronger national economy in the process. In China, there is not

Prejudice And Discrimination In Social Care

Prejudice And Discrimination In Social Care As human beings, we socially categorise people as members of social groups rather than as individuals. The reason why we do so is because it provides useful information that cannot immediately be perceived and it allows us to ignore unnecessary information (Bruner 1957 cited in Smith and Mackie: 145). The danger of this social categorisation is that it makes a group seem more similar to each other than they would be if they were not categorised. (McGarty et al cited in Smith E and Mackie D: 165) The process of seeing ones self as a member of a group or self categorisation can have positive effects for individuals within a group. Tajfel (1972) argues that people seek to derive positive self-esteem from their group memberships. (Smith E and Mackie D: 189) As social care practitioners, we work with various social groups such as people with disabilities, the travelling community, young offenders, children in care, the elderly and many others social groups. These groups have been socially categorised and can often be considered as outgroups by society. They are often considered by society to be vulnerable groups and are often pushed to the margins of society and excluded from the mainstream. (Thompson: 2003) The definition of social care is the provision of care, protection, support, welfare and advocacy for vulnerable or dependant clients, individually or in groups (Joint Committee on Social Care Professionals cited in Share P and Lalor L: 5) Each individual who is in need of social care can socially identify themselves as part of a group. Tajfels Social Identity theory suggests that members of a group gain a self-concept and self-esteem as a result of their group membership. Seeing oneself as a group member means that the groups typical characteristics become norms and standards for ones own behaviour. (Turner et al cited in Smith and Mackie: 195). This, therefore results in members of the group acting in group typical ways. This theory can help us to understand the behaviours of various groups we are working with as social care practitioners. For example, a group of young adults who are engaging in criminal activity may be doing so as this behaviour is a norm within their group. It also enables us to see why these groups are considered as outgroups in society and can help us to understand why these groups are seen as oppressed by mainstream society. Tajfel s theory also tells us that often the individuals who make up the group are seen as uniform and their diversity is underestimated. This is certainly common with people who have intellectual disabilities. The ingroup, which in this case is the group who does not have intellectual disabilities, often views the outgroup, or the people with disabilities as all being the same. The individuals who have disabilities are categorised because of their disability rather than their individualistic characteristics and are therefore stereotyped due to their disability. Stereotypes can be described as over generalised sets of beliefs about members of a particular social group. (Schultz and Oskamp: 63) They are the views we form about groups as a result of social categorisation and reduce the complexity of the world into a few simple guidelines that suggest how members of certain groups should be treated (Schultz: 63) They act as generalisations about a group of people in which identical characteristics are assigned to virtually all members of the group, regardless of actual variation among members. (Aronson et al: 2004:466) These stereotypes can lead to both positive and negative evaluations being made about the members of the group. They can also lead to the target group acting in stereotypical ways, for example, one of the reasons why a group of young offenders may be engaging in criminal activity could be a result of stereotype threat. This refers to being at risk of acting in a manner consistent with a negative stereotype about ones group. (Schultz: 69) The group of offenders are seen as an out-group and may feel their offending behaviour is justified because they have been oppressed, but their treatment must be disproportionately severe (Harrower J, 2001:4) Prejudices, hostile or negative attitudes towards a distinguishable group of people, based solely on the membership in that group.'(Aronson et al: 2004:467) can have extremely adverse effects on the individuals within these categorised social groups. Any group that shares a socially meaningful common characteristic can be a target for prejudice (Smith and Mackie: 143) Prejudices against people in marginalised and vulnerable groups are prevalent in the society in which we live. By virtue of their role and the social groups they engage with, social care practitioners witness the impact of inequality on the everyday lived experience of people affected'(Share and Lalor: 110) Ethnic groups such as the travelling community are constantly subjected to prejudices. Much research has been carried out in recent years in relation to this. One survey found that 42 percent of the population held negative attitudes towards the travelling community (Behaviour and Attitudes in Ireland 2000) and another revealed that 72 percent of the settled community did not want the travelling community to live amongst them. (Lansdowne Market research 2001). People with disabilities are another group in society which are subject to prejudices. Often society has the assumption that disability is a form of illness (Oliver: 1990 cited in Thompson: 128) People with disabilities have also been viewed as not fully human, or even subhuman (Brandon: 4). Despite the fact that societys attitude towards people with disabilities has improved over time as a result of moving away from the medical model to the social model of disability which involves the integration of people with disabilities into our communities, people with disabilities are still not regarded as complete human beings of an equal status to the remainder of society. (Share and Lalor: 334) Research suggests that prejudice is learned from the groups in which we belong. Racial and ethnic identity is a major focal point for prejudiced attitudes. (Aronson: 457) Discrimination can be defined as unequal or unfair behaviour toward an individual based on his or her membership in a particular group (Schultz: 63) and is commonly seen in the area of Social Care at many levels. Thompson (2003) outlines many processes closely linked with discrimination. He refers to Invisibilzation, a type of discrimination whereby dominant groups are constantly presented to us, for example through the media, and are strongly associated with power, status, prestige and influence, while other groups are rarely, if ever seen in this light'(Thompson: 2003.13) This is true of many social groups in social care. People with disabilities are rarely seen in the media. Infantilisation, which Thompson refers to as ascribing a child-like state to an adult (Share and Lalor: 2009:278) is also common in social care. Society tends to regard people who are elderly or who have a disability as child-like and dependant, unable to interact in their own right. (Thompson: 88) Thompson also argues that discrimination occurs in other forms such as marginalisation, welfarism, medicalization, dehumanization and trivialization. The Experience of discrimination in Ireland (2004), a piece of research carried out by the Equality Authority, found that people with disabilities reported one of the highest rates high rates of incidents of discrimination both while accessing services and at work. Various theories in the area of social psychology focus on the ways to minimise prejudice and discrimination within society. Allports theory known as the Contact Hypothesis, suggests that intergroup contact can lead to reducing prejudice but only under a number of suitable conditions. These conditions are that (a) the groups in the situation have equal status, (b) are not competitive and (c) have support from the relevant authorities for the contact and (d) have common goals. As social care practitioners, we can promote Allports theory through the work we do with the various vulnerable groups we are involved with. This can be done by promoting social inclusion within the community. Although attitudes towards groups such as people with disabilities have changed over recent years, there is much work needed in order to ensure that this group has equal status within our society. The same can be said for the other vulnerable groups we work with as social care practitioners. The subject of prejudice and discrimination is highly relevant to the area of social care and with the help of research carried out in this particular area of social psychology, we can have a clearer understanding of the reasons why, as human-beings, we develop and utilise these actions and behaviours. By having this understanding, we can develop skills and mechanisms to help reduce prejudice and discrimination, and combat the damaging effects that they can have on vulnerable groups in society.

Irish Immigration To Canada Essay -- essays research papers

Irish Immigration to Canada The Irish began immigrating to North America in the 1820s, when the lack of jobs and poverty forced them to seek better opportunities elsewhere after the end of the major European wars. When the Europeans could finally stop depending on the Irish for food during war, the investment in Irish agricultural products reduced and the boom was over. After an economic boom, there comes a bust and unemployment was the result. Two-thirds of the people of Ireland depended on potato harvests as a main source of income and, more importantly, food. Then between the years of 1845 and 1847, a terrible disease struck the potato crops. The plague left acre after acre of Irish farmland covered with black rot. The failure of the potato yields caused the prices of food to rise rapidly. With no income coming from potato harvests, families dependent on potato crops could not afford to pay rent to their dominantly British and Protestant landlords and were evicted only to be crowded into disease-infested wor khouses. Peasants who were desperate for food found themselves eating the rotten potatoes only to develop and spread horrible diseases.  ¡Ã‚ §Entire villages were quickly homeless, starving, and diagnosed with either cholera or typhus. ¡Ã‚ ¨(Interpreting ¡K,online) The lack of food and increased incidents of death forced incredible numbers of people to leave Ireland for some place which offered more suitable living conditions. Some landlords paid for the emigration of their tenants because it made more economic sense to rid farms of residents who were not paying their rent. Nevertheless, emigration did not prove to be an antidote for the Famine. The ships were overcrowded and by the time they reached their destination, approximately one third of its passengers had been lost to disease, hunger and other complications. However, many passengers did survive the journey and, as a result, approximately  ¡Ã‚ §1.5 million Irish people immigrated to North America during the 1840 ¡Ã ‚ ¦s and 1850 ¡Ã‚ ¦s. ¡Ã‚ ¨(Bladley, online) As a consequence of famine, disease (starvation and disease took as many as one million lives) and emigration,  ¡Ã‚ §Ireland ¡Ã‚ ¦s population dropped from 8 million to 5 million over a matter of years. ¡Ã‚ ¨(Bladley, online) Although Britain came to the aid of the starving, many Irish blamed Britain for their delayed response and for centuries of political hardship as basi... ...t only a contribution to Canada, but to the benefit of humanity. „h Nellie Letitia Mooney Mclung(1872-1951) was an activist and a campaigner for female suffrage. She was a nationally known feminist and social reformer. Mclung was the first woman member of CBC ¡Ã‚ ¦s Board of Governor ¡Ã‚ ¦s and deserves great thanks from Canadian women for her contributions to the women ¡Ã‚ ¦s movement in Canada. „h Robert Samuel McLaughlin(1871-1972), the founder of General Motors, made significant contributions to the advancement of Canadian culture and society as well as to the Canadian economy. He was the benefactor of Queen ¡Ã‚ ¦s University, the city of Oshawa, Knox College, and the planetarium to University of Toronto, which still bears his name. He was also the founder of McLaughlin foundation, which has done much to improve the quality of medical education in Canada. (O ¡Ã‚ ¦Driscoll and Reynolds, pp.654) The Irish Canadian community has repaid their debt to Canada by proving themselves to be productive and showing to us that the hardship many Canadians took on in order to accommodate emigrants was worthwhile. Their gratefulness is evident in the reputations they have established as Irish Canadian citizens.

Interview With Sports Organisation Leader Essay

Part I: Interview Questionnaire 1. Briefly describe your current position and its duties and responsibilities. I am the treasurer to the Mid-Crest Panthers. My responsibilities include ensuring safe custody of all the organization funds and assets as well as handling all financial matters in the organization. I am also a member of the board in which most decisions of the organization are made. 2. How long have you held this position? 3. What is the leadership structure like in your organization? This organization has a board which is the main decision making body. The board is made of the president, vice president, treasurer, secretary, athletic director, cheer coordinator, football director, parent coordinator, and fundraising coordinator. The organization also has team coaches which head various teams. However, all these leaders work in union as far as coordination of the club is concerned. 4. Who are some of the primary stakeholders of this organization? The primary stakeholders include customers and fans, management, coaches, staff, youth and parents. 5. How do you strive to meet the needs of the stakeholders? All stakeholders are represented in board meetings where they give their opinions of what whom they represented would like to see happens in the organization.   I also note this down and ensure that their needs are met as much as possible while still considering all decisions made by the board. 6. How would you describe your leadership style? My leadership style is including others views in carrying out duties entrusted to me. It is democratic leadership. Coming up with ideas and then letting other opinion into these ideas. 7. How important is leadership to the success of your organization? Leadership is very important. It gives the guideline of what activities to be carried out, how and when they will be carried out. It also comes up with strategies of financing these activities. It unites all stakeholders of the organization. It also gives solution to various problems that faces the organization as far as daily activities are concerned. The leadership monitors the organizations activities and gives direction for the necessary actions. 8. What do you feel is the most important aspect of leadership? Most aspect of leadership is to understand people you are leading and their needs- what they need, and then come up with appropriate way of solving these problems. 9. What are some of the significant changes your organization has undergone? The size of this organization has greatly increased over the past years. The organization has also increased its network with other organization in its effort to ensure reliable club funding and participating stakeholders. 10.   What role did leadership play in these changes? The leadership comes up with policies that will enhance this and then present them to the stakeholders as they seek support of the same. 11.   What methods do you use to resolve conflict or resistance to change? Method of solving conflict depends on what kind of conflict is at hand. There are some conflicts which are solved by the team leader, the board or both. Opinions from different members are also given priority so as to avoid conflicts. Dialogue is employed so as to solve many conflicts and rule of majority is also employed. 12. What advice would you give someone entering a leadership position for the first time? One should be ready to work extra hard than the people he/she is leading, understand their needs, including their weaknesses and strengths and be ready to listen to their opinions. Part II: Interview Summary According to this interview, it is clear that a leader is not a person who makes decisions and imposes them those he/she is leading. Success of a leader greatly depends on the relationship he/she has created with those he/she is leading. It is not enough to make decision on how to lead an organization, it also calls for great effort to sell these ideas to all stakeholders so as these decisions may be well implemented. This interview has also changed my view about this organization. I have come to understand that it is a big family where cooperation of all stakeholders is emphasized. All stakeholders are well informed of all activities going on in the organization. It is not a place where stakeholders receive policies from the top management; it is a place where all of them are involved in decision making e.g. in this organization, board members consist of representatives from all stakeholders. As the main decision making body, it is certain that decisions made will involve opinions from all stakeholders. This interview also enriched my knowledge about leadership. As a leader I should have ideas about how to handle a certain situation, but I should also make sure this is supported by the majority and also enrich these ideas from opinions of all stakeholders. In case I was in leadership position, I will consider others opinions very important for my success as a leader. I will equally respect all staff to this organization and support decisions made by the board.

Facebook Case Essay

Facebook Case Essay Facebook Case Essay In this article the author shows readers Facebook’s attempts to become a leader in online advertising. Being one of the most visited websites with more than 600 million active users, Facebook is the ultimate place for marketers to take advantage of word of mouth. Mark Zuckerberg and his team constantly improves features of the website and develops new technologies to create a unique way of personal advertising. Today Facebook allows companies to create free brand pages where users can comment and post on them. Companies and consumers communicate directly with each other, helping to better understand the market. Additionally, Open Graph technology integrates Facebook with other websites, permitting users to share interesting articles, songs and other files with their friends through the feed. However, there are major issues that challenge Facebook. First, personal advertising assumes the use of users’ personal data. Facebook tracks users’ activity and preferences, which helps target ads better. Recent use of Beacon technology resulted in a scandal, whereas a lot of people were angry that their activities were tracked and broadcasted on ads. Second, people do not perceive Facebook as a search site. Return on Facebook ads is much lower than that of Google ads. People spend more time on Facebook, but they use Google search when they are ready to make a purchase. Third problem is that Facebook does not generate any profit from companies’ free brand pages and Open Graph

Free The Skinny Culture Analysis Essay

Free The Skinny Culture Analysis Essay The Skinny Culture Introduction The Western view of fashion and style has become obsessed with thinness. Dubbed the skinny culture, this social view maintains that aesthetic beauty and attractiveness coincides with an emaciated form. There are few limitations to the extent of thinness; in fact, for many, the attitude is the thinner, the better. This attitude is particularly prevalent among young women. This paper examines the phenomenon of the skinny culture, tracing its development and influence within the 1950s and 1960s to the present day. It begins with a section defining the skinny culture and then discusses the historical development of this cultural movement. Then, the paper explores how skinny culture manifests within the modern day and the impact of skinny culture upon society. In particular, the fashion industry helps to support the skinny culture and its values within the minds of Western youths. The skinny culture endorses exercise and helps individuals to avoid the negative health consequences associated with obesity. However, the skinny culture also risks the long term development of significant health problems associated with eating disorders and these negative consequences appear to be a significant threat to Western adolescent girls. What is the Skinny Culture? The discussion of the skinny culture should begin with a unified definition. The skinny culture associates the status of being thin physically with many positive, desirable characteristics, particularly for women. These include physical attractiveness, intelligence, self-control, health and sexuality (Miller et al., 2000). The skinny culture drives many to diet and participate in strict exercise regimes. However, the demands of the skinny culture cannot be achieved by everyone and this helps to maintain the status of skinny as being both enviable and difficult to obtain. The skinny culture similarly associates being overweight with negative characteristics. Individuals who are not skinny may be viewed as lazy, unattractive and weak willed. They may be viewed as being less sexually attractive and less fashionable. Obese women in particularly tend to be viewed as less graceful. The heightened understanding of the negative physical health effects associated with obesity further emphasizes the social desire to be thin. There are many potential advocates for the skinny culture First of all, the fashion industry promotes the skinny culture through its advertisements in order to boost sales in an efficient manner. Also, the media industry promotes the skinny culture because the camera tends to add weight; because of this, normal sized people may appear less attractive when in movies and commercials. This technological problem highlights the need for more skinny individuals. Furthermore, medical and health experts may promote the skinny culture because of the health benefits associated with being thin and avoiding obesity. The development of new technologies has resulted in a lifestyle that requires significantly less levels of exercise in order to survive. As a result, individuals who fail to engage in regular exercise are likely to gain weight. The skinny culture helps to create a social need for thinness since physical requirements no longer ensure that societys members are thin. The Development and History of the Skinny Culture The skinny culture is a relatively new historical phenomenon. Many cultures have associated physical beauty with being normal or even a bit healthy. A woman with a heavier frame would be considered voluptuous. Her ability to be well fed would demonstrate her familys wealth and further reinforce the idea of weight physically demonstrating social status. The history of skinny culture in the United States begins in the 1960s. During the previous decade, time, voluptuous women such as on these ads attests to the importance placed on obtaining a thin, attractive partner (Miller et al., 2000, p. 133). The medias reliance upon the use of thin models as a mode of promoting advertising had led to the increased acceptance of the skinny culture and the popularization of the idea that beauty requires thinness. The Impact of Skinny Culture upon Society The skinny culture certainly has some potential to generate positive societal benefits. In particular, the skinny culture helps to support a healthier lifestyle that promotes good eating habits and exercise. In fact, obesity has become one of the most serious health problems facing individuals living in the United States. The Center for Disease Control (2007) explained that during the past 20 years, there has been a dramatic increase in obesity in the United States (p. 1). In fact, in a survey of the 50 states populations, the CDC found that nearly half reported obesity rates in at least one fourth of their total populations (CDC, 2007). Western children also face an increased risk of obesity. The prevalence of overweight and obesity among American children has been increasing at an alarming rate (Story et al., 2006, p. 109). Childhood obesity is a problem that is occurring at an alarming frequency and obesity is one of the most serious health risks facing children today (Story et al , 2006). The skinny culture helps its adherents to avoid the negative health problems associated with obesity, including an increased risk of heart disease. Therefore, if the skinny culture helps to reduce the rate of obesity in the United States, then that should be regarded as an important advantage of the culture. Unfortunately, the dominance of the skinny culture is likely to lead to significant problems because the culture has the potential to become excessive. In particular, many individuals suffer psychological problems associated with their failure to conform to skinny ideals. Individuals are constantly receiving unclear and often harsh messages about attributes deemed important by society (Miller et al., 2000, p. 140). Overweight individuals face an increased risk of psychological problems such as depression or low self-esteem. Furthermore, the over-emphasis upon thinness as a necessary component of beauty has contributed to the increased incidence of eating disorders. Eating disorders are a serious health problem. While being too overweight can cause significant health problems, being too thin can also cause health problems. Golden et al (2003) explain that potentially irreversible medical complications in adolescents include: growth retardation loss of dental enamel structural brain changes pubertal delay or arrest and impaired acquisition of peak bone mass (p. 496-497). Eating disorders also have the potential of killing their victims because those who suffer eating disorders exhibit weakened immune systems and are more likely to succumb to fatal secondary conditions. Teens of both sexes are particularly likely to be impacted by the influence of the skinny culture. This is because of the physical and emotional challenges with adolescence. This stage of human development is very challenging and often teens seek outside approval in order to boost their self esteem. This pressure to meet established norms regarding physical appearance increases the likelihood of developing an eating disorder. These young people are particularly vulnerable to being influenced by media messages that support the skinny culture. Over five percent of all teenage girls develop an eating disorder (Golden, 2003). Teenage boys also face a high risk (Golden, 2003). Eating disorders are particularly damaging to teens because their bodies are still developing. The damage caused by an eating disorder is likely to be permanent and life altering. Some members of the population appear to face greater risks associated with thinness than others. For example, many studies and news articles have focused upon the fashion industry as one which cultivates an unhealthy skinny culture. The British Fashion Council reported that up to 40 percent of models may have eating disorders, compared with an estimated 3 percent of the overall population (Satter, 2007, p. 1). Fashion models are likely to suffer from eating disorders because they work in a professional field that glorifies and requires thinness. Conclusion: The Future of the Skinny Culture How long will the skinny culture continue to dominate the Western world? Some evidence demonstrates the likelihood that the popularity of the skinny culture is in a decline. First of all, some would continue that the skinny culture will inevitably decline because, as was the case with being voluptuous, not all people are capable of meeting skinny norms. Furthermore, the heightened concern over eating disorders creates societal pressure to stop emphasizing being thin as a necessary component of aesthetic beauty. In fact, even the industries that appear to be most influential in the perpetuation of the skinny culture appear to be less thrilled with the culture. Even members of the fashion industry recognize that the fashion industry is at least partially responsible for the perpetuation of the skinny culture. As one Italian official noted, its true that anorexia is not born on the catwalk but the fashion industry could not stand by as an indifferent spectator (Italian fashion 2007, p. 1). Individuals look to images in magazines, television and movies as the idealized forms of beauty. They naturally seek to emulate these examples. The underweight models inspired by the skinny culture have increased the risk of others developing an eating disorder. The thin models that we have seen on the catwalks have been a cause of the increase of this illness which has also caused numerous deaths (Italian fashion 2007, p. 1). In many nations around the world, the fashion industry is banning models who are t oo thin from working. These men and women are being required to gain weight for their own health and well-being. In the United Kingdom, the British Fashion Council recently decided to screen models for potential eating disorders as a pre-emptive health strategy (Satter, 2007). The UK has also recommended that the fashion industry begin to carefully screen teen models to ensure that they were not being exploited (Satter, 2007). In nations such as Italy and France, the restrictions against underweight models are even more stringent. Italy has an even more strict policy that requires its working models to maintain a BMI (body mass index) of 18 or higher. Under the new self regulation code drawn up in Italy by the government and designers all models in future shows will be full bodied, healthy and radiant Mediterranean types (Italian fashion 2006, p. 1). These nations have become known as being integral components of the fashion world and their actions are severe and send a very clear message. The fashion industry is not willing to tolerate the negative publicity associated with deaths associated with eating disorders. The days of the skinny cultures domination of Western society appear to be numbered. The banning of underweight models is important to the future of the skinny culture because the fashion industry helps to construct societys views of beauty. If heavier models become the established norm, then society is likely to change its views on beauty. The change is likely to be gradual. However, the change will mean an end to the skinny culture as society once again shifts to develop its views regarding aesthetics and sexual attractiveness in the human form.

Review on the readings below Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Review on the readings below - Essay Example At full capacity of its pipeline, Azerbaijan’s revenues rose to $20 billion, growing by a third every year (De Waal 171). In 1994, the government signed a $10 billion contract with nine foreign companies, which created the Azerbaijan International Operating Company (AIOC). From these contracts, Azerbaijan used oil to become a politically visible country. Until present times, Caspian energy remains a strategic tool in the political decisions and foreign affairs of the U.S. in the region. Thomas de Waal is a British journalist and a writer on the Caucasus. He is a valid source on the Caspian issues because he has written several books and articles on them. What is most interesting in the chapter is how oil has become the center of political battlefield in Azerbaijan. The familiarity with such issues is only in the Middle East, but it is clear that the South Caucasus also presented the same political-economic nexus. The chapter is relevant to the course because it shows how widespread the oil war is, both economically and politically. Chapter 7 narrates the rise of modern Georgia, its Rose Revolution and other internal and regional conflicts. The Rose Revolution of November 2003 aimed to establish a democratic society and to enhance human rights and living conditions. At the same time, it wanted to decrease corruption and improve the national economy. Corruption was most prominent in 1999, under President Eduard Shevardnadze. Dismal economic conditions lasted until 2003. The Rose Revolution was initiated by the military to generate political and economic changes. However, conflicts continued afterwards because of the failure of the new government in addressing reforms and the remaining tension between Georgia and Russia. Chapter 7 provides a good example of a government that was changed from within through military intervention and not through any other popular

Spain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Spain - Essay Example Spains cultural melting pot became much richer during the Middle Ages in part because of the large and influential Jewish population there. After the defeat of the Muslims and Jews during the Christian Re-conquest period in the four hundred years following 1000, Spain became more intolerant and very Catholic, although it still rewarded exploration and sought to extend its power through overseas colonies. It is important to remember that the person who discovered the new world was Christopher Columbus, a Spaniard being funded by the King and Queen of Spain. Spain’s history in the 20th century was somewhat unhappy. There was a terrible civil war in the 1930s and for more than 30 years afterwards, the fascist dictator Franco ruled, oppressing people and refusing to permit the economy to grow in the way that it could have. But by the end of the 20th century, Spain was free again and once again a cultural world leader. It is now a member of the EU and NATO and is a strong democracy. The thing that stands out most about Spain over the last five hundred years are probably its artists. Perhaps more than any other country, Spanish artists had redefined the way we think about painting; but it can also be said they inspired and ushered in modernism. Artists like Velasquez, Goya, and Picasso were all far ahead of their time and all had untraditional views of the world they depicted in their work. They inspired thousands of other artists and taught the world to see through a very particular lens. They lived through tumultuous historical times and made sure to show the world these times without pulling any punches. That’s why they represent Spain’s greatest

Hamlet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Hamlet - Essay Example Hamlet is very upset because of his father’s sudden death and his mother’s marriage with Claudius and this soliloquy is representative of the fact. Hamlet has used a number of metaphors, similes, references to mythology and expressive speech in his first soliloquy. This paper will analyze Hamlet’s first soliloquy in terms of his spoken words and his expressions. Hamlet’s starts with analyzing the worth of human life in this world and also thinks about suicide as he says, â€Å"O, that this too too solid flesh would melt Thaw and resolve itself into a dew! Or that the Everlasting had not fix'd His canon 'gainst self-slaughter! O God! God!† (Act 1, Scene 2, Line 131-134) These lines indicate that human existence is nothing more than a drop of dew and one day will come when every human being has to die and his body will be a part of the sand. Hamlet here says that death is inevitable and will come to everyone. He also talks about suicide and the restri ction towards committing suicide. Here Hamlet considers his deep wish to commit suicide because of the calamities in which, he is trapped but he is restricted because of his religious obligations. For Hamlet, everything of this world is without any benefit as he says, â€Å"How weary, stale, flat and unprofitable, Seem to me all the uses of this world!† (Act 1, Scene 2, Line 135-136) For Hamlet, there is no attraction left in this world for him. He is so sad and dejected that the world as a whole appears useless to him. He compares the world with an â€Å"unweeded garden† and says that the world enables every â€Å"gross† and â€Å"rank† things to grow, which are all corrupted and rotten. After expressing about the world, Hamlet at once comes towards the reason of his remorsefulness as he states that his father who was an excellent king and a loving husband died less than two months ago. Hamlet compares his father to the mythological character of Hyperion , who is a Greek god. After appreciating his father and showing his excessive love for his father, Hamlet exclaims remorse on his mother’s hasty marriage with his uncle Claudius and regards his mother as unfaithful to his father as he says, â€Å"-- Frailty, thy name is woman!† (Act 1, Scene 2, Line 148) By thinking about his mother as a frail creature, he considers that all the women of this world are frail and prone to do wrong. He feels disappointed at his mother’s marriage with Claudius as he thinks that his mother has proved dishonesty by marrying Claudius soon after her husband’s death. He thinks that his mother has shed false tears over his death father’s corpse. Hamlet is tormented on his mother’s action and says, â€Å"Like Niobe, all tears: -- why she, even she -- O, God! a beast, that wants discourse of reason, Would have mourn'd longer† (Act 1, Scene 2, Line 151-153) He thinks that his mother has not mourned as was require d of her. Again, Hamlet has compared his mother to a mythological character of Niobe. He regards his mother’s tears over his father death as â€Å"unrighteous tears†. He regards Claudius as not equivalent to his father and regards him quite downgraded as he says, â€Å"My father's brother, but no more like my father Than I to Hercules†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Act 1, Scene 2, Line 154-155) Hamlet here gives his father a very high position and considers Claudius as a creature that should be hated. In the same soliloquy, Hamlet uses the example of â€Å"Hyperion† for his father and â€Å"

Recognizing Women artists Essay Example for Free

Recognizing Women artists Essay Linda Nochlin’s article tries to bring to light the differences that exist between men and women art and how this disparity has been linked to the distinct nature of men and women. However, Nochlin believes that the differences that may exist in art do not come about as a result of ones gender but rather these discrepancies are influenced by particular social institutions. This, Nochlin says, is because art develops in a specific social situation and that it is usually a fundamental component of that social structure. Nochlin further explains that art can not be considered a free self-directed activity that can be influenced by social forces since it crops up in a social situation, gender, previous artists and other things normally considered influential notwithstanding (Nochlin, 1988, pp. 147-158). As a result therefore, Nochlin states how feminity does not count when it comes to evaluation of great artists. Therefore Nochlin defines the background of some of the great artists like Picasso who came from already artist families. Nochlin also cites how the works of Redon and Corot, both male, had a feminist touch thus it could not be concluded that women art should be classified according to its own standards. This argument makes sense because art is not gender based; rather it is learned through teaching, apprenticeship or even from a long experience period (Nochlin, 1988, pp. 147-158). I agree with Nochlin’s reasoning because one can not classify art as masculine or feminine. When one sees a piece of art, what comes out is the expression captured in that piece of work and not the masculine or feminine touch in it. Therefore Nochlin’s argument is sound because even if it is assumed that women artists are inward-looking, delicate and nuanced in their art pieces, other male artists also exude such characteristics in their work. For instance Redon’s pieces were inward turning and Corot’s art was also delicate and nuanced (Nochlin, 1988, pp. 147-158). Nochlin’s position relies upon the assumptions that great art is a result of intelligence and talent. It is not merely influenced by gender, social class or any other social forces. This is true because great artists like Michelangelo produced exemplary pieces because of the talent they had and not because of social influences. Further still, artists such as Giotto became great artists even though he started off drawing on stone. It is the intelligence and talent that he had in art that elevated his work to great art (Nochlin, 1988, pp. 147-158). Besides, Nochlin’s position also relies on the assumption that the creation of art entails its own form of language. What is more, this language comes to life in paper and not in a mere story that could be told to another party thus disregarding the feminist notion in art. This argument is true because art is learned and perfected through experience and this means that regardless of gender artists with the experience can bring out great art work (Nochlin, 1988, pp. 147-158). Therefore this means that women can produce great art as much as men because art is not gender based. Art is learned and comes to perfection from a period of experience. Besides, great art is also primarily a result of an individual’s intelligence and talent therefore other social forces are just secondary factors in the creation of great art. This therefore implies that women art can be accorded much attention and appreciation if only people could get a deeper insight into what art really entails (Nochlin, 1988, pp. 147-158). Reference Nochlin L. (1988). Why have there been no great women artists? Women, Art and Power and Other Essays. Westview Press.

Theories of Dyslexia and Strategies for Intervention

Theories of Dyslexia and Strategies for Intervention Drawing on current research, module content and your own professional practice critically consider dyslexia as a syndrome incorporating a spectrum of difficulties. Consider the implications of your theoretical understanding for policy, practice and provision within your school. Over recent years there have been many different definitions of dyslexia. It seems that it is almost impossible to define a disability that affects individuals in so many different ways and to so many different degrees in one agreed definition. The republic of Ireland has adopted this definition for themselves which blatantly relates to the fact that this a disability which is part of a continuum of needs, Dyslexia is manifested in a continuum of specific learning  difficulties related to the acquisition of basic skills in reading,  spelling, writing and/or number, such difficulties being  unexpected in relation to an individuals other abilities. The Adult Dyslexia Association has this as part of their definition Every dyslexic person is different and should be treated as an individual. Many show talents actively sought by employers and the same factors that cause literacy difficulties may also be responsible for highlighting positive attributes such as problem solving which can tap resources which lead to more originality and  creativity. ( Schloss 1999) These definitions show the degree of individuality that is present amongst dyslexic learners. It also highlights the fact there are so many positive aspects to being dyslexic that are easily overlooked. The views held by these definitions are implicit , dyslexia encompasses a whole range of difficulties along a spectrum of need. Dyslexia is a very common disability. According to the British Dyslexia Association around 5 10% of the population are affected. Dyslexia impacts on a persons ability to read and wite, thus affecting all areas of education. The severity of dyslexia varies form person to person and ranges form mild to severe. There are many aspects of dyslexia and many other disorders that are co-morbid. According to the dyslexia Institute Dyslexia is, Not related to intelligence, race or social background. Dyslexia varies in severity and often occurs alongside other Specific Learning Difficulties such as Dyspraxia, Attention Deficit Disorder, resulting in variation in the degree and nature of individuals strengths and weaknesses. To have any success in helping these learners to develop their literacy skills we must take full cognisance of their individual manner of working, Reid (2001) states: Dyslexic children are first and foremost individuals and while they may share some common difficulties there are individual differences. Many of the issues facing dyslexic pupils can be adequately remediated with the correct environment and specific teaching strategies. Dyslexia is not something to be cured but if these strategies are applied with recognition of individual differences in learning styles they can be effective as by pass strategies. There is no one definitive intervention as each dyslexic learner is an individual and has an individual need. It is about observing and assessing the specific needs of a specific pupil and adapting an intervention that will address this particular need at this particular time. There are no two dyslexic persons with identical needs and dyslexia occurs across the range of learning abilities. Theory of Dyslexia In order to understand dyslexia fully and to consider the implications for policy and practice it is imperative that the causes of dyslexia are investigated. Frith (1995) views dyslexia as a causal model framework suggesting there are three levels of descriptions for better understanding dyslexia- biological, cognitive and behavioural. The biological description implies that dyslexia is hereditary, Gene markers for dyslexia have been found in chromosome 15 (Smith, Kimberling, Pennington and Lubs 1983 as cited in Reid, G 2001) If one parent is dyslexic there is a 50% chance that any of his/her children will inherit dyslexia Hull learning services This could have a major impact for recognising at risk dyslexics early on and putting measures in place to assist with learning difficulties or differences. Frith also suggests that dyslexia has a cognitive basis and suggests that there is something different in the way dyslexic students process information (quote Fawcett, 2001 regarding metacognition and automaticity). Many dyslexic people have difficulties with short term memory, working memory, metacognition and automaticity. Others have problems with phonological processing and cannot process sounds easily and have problems in a range of areas requiring language skill. Sequencing can also be an issue for some dyslexics. Frith believes there is interaction between these factors causing the behavoural issues of a dyslexic learner in terms of reading difficulties, spelling difficulties and often poor memory and organisational difficulties. Some dyslexia appears to manifest itself or have its root in visual difficulties. In my experience many dyslexic students are helped greatly by the use of coloured paper and coloured overlay to avoid visual stress. Tinted glasses can be useful too in avoiding glare, movement in the text, headaches and eye strain. Traditionally, there have been two main models of Dyslexia. One is that it is perceived to be a discrepancy model whereby a pupil appears to have a higher level of intelligence compared to their reading ability. Snowling, 2000 suggests that this may not hold true as many pupils may have a limited literacy experience at home and are therefore bound to have a lower than expected reading age. Conversly, A dyslexic child my have found their own coping strategies and so difficulties could be masked for a long time. A dyslexic child may come form a literacy rich background and the sheer emersion in this and hard work of parents may also compensate for the difficulties. This makes the diagnosis more difficult. Dyslexia has also been viewed as a deficit model whereby a pupil is lacking in literacy skills and because of this is unlikely to succeed. Many would disagree and will argue that there are a great deal of successful dyslexics who have found a way to compensate for their difficulties and use their differences in learning style to their advantage. Being dyslexic simply means a different way of learning and therefore as educators we may need to find a different way of teaching. Some positive attributes often associated with dyslexia is good visual, spatial and lateral thinking skills. The implications for these traditional views are that interventions currently taking place may not be any where near the solution for dyslexia difficulties. If we are to provide any kind of meaningful solution for these pupils we need to do a great deal more observation and analysis to uncover the specific difficulties. If we are ignoring strengths and concentrating on the weaknesses of these learners we are doing pupils an injustice and adding to the issues of self esteem and confidence. Therefore, there is a challenge for all teachers to actually understand dyslexia and meet the dyslexic learners need. These types of learners like any learner have their own individual needs and strengths. Nicholson and Fawcett In particular, if one can identify the underlying cause of a childs potential difficulties before they are manifested, it should be possible to give pro-active support, to the extend that the child will not fail to learn to read, and will not suffer the comitant emotional and educational devastation. Early Intervention If Dyslexia is caught early enough it may that there is less need for intervention. (Critical learning period) Many would argue that it is too late to help pupils beyond the age of 6 , according to bodien 2007 intervention at 6 80% successful, 9 40%, 10-12, 10%.. Research as shown that by this time parts of the brain have shut down. Early and accurate diagnosis will ensure the best possible intervention for a pupil with this difficulty. Drawing on my own experience as a secondary school teacher there are some dyslexic learners that no matter what is put in place still do not make adequate progress in the area of literacy. These pupils need to be given a means of coping in school without having to rely on reading and writing. Continually teaching the same method of reading for the 10th or consecutive year or longera in a row is clearly not working. Some of the dyslexic learners at my school who have made he most progress with literacy have despite all the schools effort found their own way of unlocking words and becoming better readers. The fault of the school lies in insisting all pupils lear n to read in the same manner. One particular severely dyslexic pupil I recall has become a fluent reader by devising his own syllable breaking rule which I find difficult to comprehend but has been a way of accessing materials previously incomprehensible. To have continued using phonics programme with this pupil would have been pointless and exasperating to this pupil. On the other hand this form of remediation has been extremely helpful to another pupil and has meant access to a range of learning opportunities. Certain areas of education have recently been heavily backing linguistic phonics as the solution to all literacy difficulties as we can see according to., Nicholson and Fawcett, It may also be true that appropriate treatment for a given child depends critically on the specific underlying cause(s) of their difficulties, rather than just the general reading symptoms displayed Fawcett, Nicholsonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..200? P6 ( dyslexia, learning and the brain) There are many differences between dyslexic pupils both n the manner in which problems arise and in the severity of the problems. Enrolled at any school there are pupils with dyslexia ranging form mild to moderate to severe. Each of these pupils may be affected by their dyslexia in very different ways. Schools need to be able to provide opportunities for dyslexic learners to learn in their own style. A certain degree of flexibility needs to be applied to the way in which notes are taken and homework submitted. Dyslexic learners also need to have plenty of opportunities to work to their own strengths and have adequate support for their own specific areas of weakness. Specialist one to one teaching needs to be put In place also. This is particularly helpful in specifically showing a pupil survival and bypassing techniques so that the pupil can be as fully included in the curriculum as the other non-dyslexic learners within the organisation. Without support within an organisation dyslexic learners are at risk from a number of negative outcomes from being dyslexic. Some psychosocial factors may come into play to a greater or lesser extent depending on the individual. Thompson describes the daily public humiliation of dyslexic children at school and states failure is experienced every time dyslexics are asked to undertake any literacy, which happens many times at school. Thompson, p 214. The effects of this are far reaching and potentially disatrous for any student, causing daily stress, anxiety and can also be the victims of bullying by other students and indeed by teachers in their lack of understand and inappropriate labelling Thompson p216 In order to be fully included within the curriculum there are devices which could be vital to some dyslexic learners. The use of ICT has proven to be very effective in providing the kind of support necessary to access the curriculum. On the market nowadays are a variety of technical aids. Some pupils are greatly helped by the use of voice activated software and can produce work more in line with their academic ability when the need for written accuracy is removed. At the other end of the extreme from this is the use of hand held spell-checkers which can be an unobtrusive way of removing the problem of poor spelling. All of these devices have their downside also and require expert use and the acquisition of particular skills such as keyboarding. and practice by the dyslexic leaner and the compatibility with the kinds of work and arrangements in schools. Being diagnosed with dyslexia is a long and difficult process. There are so many factors in place. Certainly the intervention and amount of intervention varies from school to school and indeed even from pupil to pupil depending on parental pressure and even finance. It has been argued by Wise, Ring and Olsen (1999) as cited in Reid G 2001 that the actual type of phonological awareness training was less important than the need to actually embed the training within a well structured and balanced approach to reading. Many schools now in Northern Ireland are adopting the Linguistic Phonics approach to teaching reading and remediating reading. It could be argued that this is a useful beginning strategy for may people with literacy needs but for many dyslexic pupils it could add to the confusion and is not an adequate intervention for all dyslexic learners. Fawcett 2002, argues that difficulties often arise from confusion between cause, symptom and treatment and that grouping symptoms without understanding cause can lead to inappropriate treatment. Another important implication here is the fact that a dyslexic pupils needs will change over time and will schools be ready to change the intervention. If we are not constantly assessing these needs we could be seriously letting our pupils down. The implications for this are far reaching. The amount and quality of help is inequitable. As a practitioner I realise there are a great deal of areas within my organisation that need to be upturned, examined and seriously modified. There are some pupils in my school who receive specialist help from a dyslexic tutor. Someone who is qualified to get to the real heart of problems and devise a programme that will be meaningful to dyslexic children. There are others who fall below the threshold for this help and there interventions can be hit and miss at best. This has to be examined. Ofsted doc 2006 promotesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. We are left with the question. How good will provision be if a specialist teacher is not available for all? The Department of Education is promoting the idea of a dyslexia friendly school. The emphasis being placed on every teacher to deal with Dyslexia and not the role specifically of a specialist teacher. The British Psychological Society came up with a definition in 1999 which has major implications for the manner in which we address dyslexia in schools, implies that the problem is severe and persistent despite appropriate learning opportunities. It provides the basis for a staged process of assessment through teaching. The first major implication of this sometimes contested definition is that the ultimate responsibility for assessment lies within schools themselves. This places the responsibiity upon teachers to address these persistent and severe issues and provide the appropriate remediation. Every school should have procedures and structures in place to deal with the issue of dyslexia. A programme of assistance should be in place for all dyslexic learners to help overcome difficulties faced and in the long term to prevent the negative psycho-social aspects to this different approach to learning. To cover all aspects of difficulties the programmes should incorporate phonics, reading and spelling. It should be in line with the developmental stage of the learner and constantly reassessed and reviewed to ensure that it is effective. Above all it should be set up to provide dyslexic learners with a degree of success to compensate for thr low self esteem often experienced by trying to access materials and learners presnted in a manner that it is inaccessible to them. The Dyslexia Friendly School guidelines are a useful framework for Dealing with dyslexia. The success of the schools programme will be down to how individual teachers plan their lessons, how well the school is resourced and the quality of the teaching. The question remains will this be sufficient. The British Dyslexia association in its article states Dyslexia friendly schools are able to identify and respond to the unexpected difficulties that a dyslexic learner may encounter Intervention requires precision teaching, specialist intervention one to one. In reality we require materials that will support differentiation to facilitate access to the full curriculum. ( Reid, 2003). All dyslexic learners like any learner has unique needs, strengths and areas that need to be supported. Brooks ( 2000, p19 ) children should begin to perceive the world as a place where their strengths rather than their weaknesses are spotlighted. If this shift in perception occurs, then when they are expected to assume the tasks of adulthood, they will do so with increased comfort, confidence and success Cultural context and assessment Thompson p209 Stackhouse and wells continuum of needs Students with SpLDs will often present with significant and persistent difficulties despite appropriate learning opportunities even when additional educational provision has been made available. Dfes 2005